mongodb 索引使用
作用
创建索引
db.collection.createIndex(keys, options)
keys
options
options 创建索引的选项。
参数 | 类型 | 描述 |
---|---|---|
background | boolean | 创建索引在后台运行,不会阻止其他对数据库操作 |
unique | boolean | 创建唯一索引,文档的值不会重复 |
name | string | 索引名称,默认是:字段名_排序类型 开始排序 |
sparse | boolean | 过滤掉null,不存在的字段 |
查看索引
db.collection.getIndexes()
{ "v" : 1, "key" : { "_id" : 1 }, "name" : "_id_", "ns" : "leyue.userdatas" }, { "v" : 1, "key" : { "name" : 1 //索引字段 }, "name" : "name_1", //索引名称 "ns" : "leyue.userdatas" }
删除索引
db.collection.dropIndex(index)
删除指定的索引。
db.collection.dropIndexes()
删除除了_id 以外的所有索引。
创建/查看/删除 示例
查看数据
db.userdatas.find() { "_id" : ObjectId("597f357a09c84cf58880e412"), "name" : "u3", "age" : 32 } { "_id" : ObjectId("597f357a09c84cf58880e411"), "name" : "u4", "age" : 30, "score" : [ 7, 4, 2, 0 ] } { "_id" : ObjectId("597fcc0f411f2b2fd30d0b3f"), "age" : 20, "score" : [ 7, 4, 2, 0, 10, 9, 8, 7 ], "name" : "lihao" } { "_id" : ObjectId("597f357a09c84cf58880e413"), "name" : "u2", "age" : 33, "wendang" : { "yw" : 80, "xw" : 90 } } { "_id" : ObjectId("5983f5c88eec53fbcd56a7ca"), "date" : ISODate("2017-08-04T04:19:20.693Z") } { "_id" : ObjectId("597f357a09c84cf58880e40e"), "name" : "u1", "age" : 26, "address" : "中国砀山" } { "_id" : ObjectId("597f357a09c84cf58880e40f"), "name" : "u1", "age" : 37, "score" : [ 10, 203, 12, 43, 56, 22 ] } { "_id" : ObjectId("597f357a09c84cf58880e410"), "name" : "u5", "age" : 78, "address" : "china beijing chaoyang" }
给字段name 创建索引
// 创建索引 db.userdatas.createIndex({"name":1}) { "createdCollectionAutomatically" : false, "numIndexesBefore" : 1, "numIndexesAfter" : 2, "ok" : 1 } // 查看索引 db.userdatas.getIndexes() [ { "v" : 1, "key" : { "_id" : 1 }, "name" : "_id_", "ns" : "leyue.userdatas" }, { "v" : 1, "key" : { "name" : 1 }, "name" : "name_1", "ns" : "leyue.userdatas" } ]
给字段name 创建索引并命名为myindex
db.userdatas.createIndex({"name":1}) db.userdatas.createIndex({"name":1},{"name":"myindex"}) db.userdatas.getIndexes() [ { "v" : 1, "key" : { "_id" : 1 }, "name" : "_id_", "ns" : "leyue.userdatas" }, { "v" : 1, "key" : { "name" : 1 }, "name" : "myindex", "ns" : "leyue.userdatas" } ]
给字段name 创建索引 创建的过程在后台执行
当mongodb 集合里面的数据过大时 创建索引很耗时,可以在放在后台运行。
db.userdatas.dropIndex("myindex") db.userdatas.createIndex({"name":1},{"name":"myindex","background":true})
给age 字段创建唯一索引
db.userdatas.createIndex({"age":-1},{"name":"ageIndex","unique":true,"sparse":true}) db.userdatas.getIndexes() [ { "v" : 1, "key" : { "_id" : 1 }, "name" : "_id_", "ns" : "leyue.userdatas" }, { "v" : 1, "key" : { "name" : 1 }, "name" : "myindex", "ns" : "leyue.userdatas", "background" : true }, { "v" : 1, "unique" : true, "key" : { "age" : -1 }, "name" : "ageIndex", "ns" : "leyue.userdatas", "sparse" : true } ] // 插入一个已存在的age db.userdatas.insert({ "name" : "u8", "age" : 32}) WriteResult({ "nInserted" : 0, "writeError" : { "code" : 11000, "errmsg" : "E11000 duplicate key error index: leyue.userdatas.$ageIndex dup key: { : 32.0 }" } })
创建复合索引
db.userdatas.createIndex({"name":1,"age":-1}) db.userdatas.getIndexes() [ { "v" : 1, "key" : { "_id" : 1 }, "name" : "_id_", "ns" : "leyue.userdatas" }, { "v" : 1, "key" : { "name" : 1, "age" : -1 }, "name" : "name_1_age_-1", "ns" : "leyue.userdatas" } ]
所有的字段都存在集合 system.indexes 中
db.system.indexes.find() { "v" : 1, "key" : { "_id" : 1 }, "name" : "_id_", "ns" : "leyue.userdatas" } { "v" : 1, "key" : { "_id" : 1 }, "name" : "_id_", "ns" : "leyue.scores" } { "v" : 1, "key" : { "_id" : 1 }, "name" : "_id_", "ns" : "leyue.test" } { "v" : 1, "key" : { "user" : 1, "name" : 1 }, "name" : "myindex", "ns" : "leyue.test" } { "v" : 1, "key" : { "_id" : 1 }, "name" : "_id_", "ns" : "leyue.mycapped" } { "v" : 1, "key" : { "user" : 1 }, "name" : "user_1", "ns" : "leyue.test" } { "v" : 1, "key" : { "name" : 1 }, "name" : "myindex", "ns" : "leyue.userdatas" }
索引总结
1:创建索引时,1表示按升序存储,-1表示按降序存储。
2:可以创建复合索引,如果想用到复合索引,必须在查询条件中包含复合索引中的前N个索引列
3: 如果查询条件中的键值顺序和复合索引中的创建顺序不一致的话,
MongoDB可以智能的帮助我们调整该顺序,以便使复合索引可以为查询所用。
4: 可以为内嵌文档创建索引,其规则和普通文档创建索引是一样的。
5: 一次查询中只能使用一个索引,$or特殊,可以在每个分支条件上使用一个索引。
6: $where,$exists不能使用索引,还有一些低效率的操作符,比如:$ne,$not,$nin等。
7: 设计多个字段的索引时,应该尽量将用于精确匹配的字段放在索引的前面。
explain 使用
语法
db.collection.explain().
explain() 可以设置参数 :
示例
for(var i=0;i
没有使用索引
db.test.explain("executionStats").find({"user":"user200000"}) { "queryPlanner" : { "plannerVersion" : 1, "namespace" : "leyue.test", "indexFilterSet" : false, "parsedQuery" : { "user" : { "$eq" : "user200000" } }, "winningPlan" : { "stage" : "COLLSCAN", "filter" : { "user" : { "$eq" : "user200000" } }, "direction" : "forward" }, "rejectedPlans" : [ ] }, "executionStats" : { "executionSuccess" : true, "nReturned" : 2, "executionTimeMillis" : 326, "totalKeysExamined" : 0, "totalDocsExamined" : 1006497, "executionStages" : { "stage" : "COLLSCAN", "filter" : { "user" : { "$eq" : "user200000" } }, "nReturned" : 2, "executionTimeMillisEstimate" : 270, "works" : 1006499, "advanced" : 2, "needTime" : 1006496, "needYield" : 0, "saveState" : 7863, "restoreState" : 7863, "isEOF" : 1, "invalidates" : 0, "direction" : "forward", "docsExamined" : 1006497 } }, "serverInfo" : { "host" : "lihaodeMacBook-Pro.local", "port" : 27017, "version" : "3.2.1", "gitVersion" : "a14d55980c2cdc565d4704a7e3ad37e4e535c1b2" }, "ok" : 1 }
executionStats.executionTimeMillis: query
的整体查询时间。executionStats.nReturned
: 查询返回的条目。executionStats.totalKeysExamined
: 索引扫描条目。executionStats.totalDocsExamined
: 文档扫描条目。executionTimeMillis = 326
query 执行时间
nReturned=2
返回两条数据
totalKeysExamined=0
没有用到索引
totalDocsExamined 全文档扫描
理想状态:
nReturned=totalKeysExamined & totalDocsExamined=0
Stage状态分析
stage | 描述 |
---|---|
COLLSCAN | 全表扫描 |
IXSCAN | 扫描索引 |
FETCH | 根据索引去检索指定document |
SHARD_MERGE | 将各个分片返回数据进行merge |
SORT | 表明在内存中进行了排序 |
LIMIT | 使用limit限制返回数 |
SKIP | 使用skip进行跳过 |
IDHACK | 针对_id进行查询 |
SHARDING_FILTER | 通过mongos对分片数据进行查询 |
COUNT | 利用db.coll.explain().count()之类进行count运算 |
COUNTSCAN | count不使用Index进行count时的stage返回 |
COUNT_SCAN | count使用了Index进行count时的stage返回 |
SUBPLA | 未使用到索引的$or查询的stage返回 |
TEXT | 使用全文索引进行查询时候的stage返回 |
PROJECTION | 限定返回字段时候stage的返回 |
对于普通查询,我希望看到stage的组合(查询的时候尽可能用上索引):
Fetch+IDHACK
Fetch+ixscan
Limit+(Fetch+ixscan)
PROJECTION+ixscan
SHARDING_FITER+ixscan
COUNT_SCAN
不希望看到包含如下的stage:
COLLSCAN(全表扫描),SORT(使用sort但是无index),不合理的SKIP,SUBPLA(未用到index的$or),COUNTSCAN(不使用index进行count)
使用索引
db.test.createIndex({"user":1},{"name":"myindex","background":true}) db.test.explain("executionStats").find({"user":"user200000"}) { "queryPlanner" : { "plannerVersion" : 1, "namespace" : "leyue.test", "indexFilterSet" : false, "parsedQuery" : { "user" : { "$eq" : "user200000" } }, "winningPlan" : { "stage" : "FETCH", "inputStage" : { "stage" : "IXSCAN", "keyPattern" : { "user" : 1 }, "indexName" : "myindex", "isMultiKey" : false, "isUnique" : false, "isSparse" : false, "isPartial" : false, "indexVersion" : 1, "direction" : "forward", "indexBounds" : { "user" : [ "[\"user200000\", \"user200000\"]" ] } } }, "rejectedPlans" : [ ] }, "executionStats" : { "executionSuccess" : true, "nReturned" : 2, "executionTimeMillis" : 0, "totalKeysExamined" : 2, "totalDocsExamined" : 2, "executionStages" : { "stage" : "FETCH", "nReturned" : 2, "executionTimeMillisEstimate" : 0, "works" : 3, "advanced" : 2, "needTime" : 0, "needYield" : 0, "saveState" : 0, "restoreState" : 0, "isEOF" : 1, "invalidates" : 0, "docsExamined" : 2, "alreadyHasObj" : 0, "inputStage" : { "stage" : "IXSCAN", "nReturned" : 2, "executionTimeMillisEstimate" : 0, "works" : 3, "advanced" : 2, "needTime" : 0, "needYield" : 0, "saveState" : 0, "restoreState" : 0, "isEOF" : 1, "invalidates" : 0, "keyPattern" : { "user" : 1 }, "indexName" : "myindex", "isMultiKey" : false, "isUnique" : false, "isSparse" : false, "isPartial" : false, "indexVersion" : 1, "direction" : "forward", "indexBounds" : { "user" : [ "[\"user200000\", \"user200000\"]" ] }, "keysExamined" : 2, "dupsTested" : 0, "dupsDropped" : 0, "seenInvalidated" : 0 } } }, "serverInfo" : { "host" : "lihaodeMacBook-Pro.local", "port" : 27017, "version" : "3.2.1", "gitVersion" : "a14d55980c2cdc565d4704a7e3ad37e4e535c1b2" }, "ok" : 1 }
executionTimeMillis: 0
totalKeysExamined: 2
totalDocsExamined:2
nReturned:2
stage:IXSCAN
使用索引和不使用差距很大,合理使用索引,一个集合适合做 4-5 个索引。
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