requests是使用Apache2 licensed 许可证的HTTP库。比urllib模块更简洁。
Request支持HTTP连接保持和连接池,支持使用cookie保持会话,支持文件上传,支持自动响应内容的编码,支持国际化的URL和POST数据自动编码。
在python内置模块的基础上进行了高度的封装,从而使得python进行网络请求时,变得人性化,使用Requests可以轻而易举的完成浏览器可有的任何操作。
requests是第三方库,需要独立安装:pip install requests。requests是基于urllib编写的,并且使用起来非常方便,个人推荐使用requests。
官方中文教程地址:http://docs.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/user/quickstart.html
学习之前推荐一个非常好的http测试网站:http://httpbin.org,提供非常非常完善的接口调试、测试功能~
requests支持http的各种请求,比如:
访问baidu,获取一些基本信息:
import requests response = requests.get("https://www.baidu.com")# 打开网页获取响应 print('response:', type(response))# 打印响应类型,response: print('status_code:', response.status_code)# 打印状态码 ,status_code: 200 print('cookie:', response.cookies)# 打印cookie ,cookie: ]></requestscookiejar[ print(type(response.text)) # 打印字符串形式的json响应体的类型 ,< class 'str'> print('text:', response.text) # 打印字符串形式的响应体 ,text: >ç™»å½...• print('二进制content:', response.content) # 二进制content, b'\r\n\xe7\x99\xbb\xe5\xbd\x95... \r\n' print('content:', response.content.decode("utf-8")) # content: 登录...
请求后响应的内容是requests.models.Response对象,需要处理后才能得到我们需要的信息。
requests自动检测编码,可以使用encoding
属性查看。
无论响应是文本还是二进制内容,我们都可以用content
属性获得bytes
对象:
其实使用requset.text避免乱码的方式还有一个,就是发出请求后,获取内容之前使用response.encoding属性来改变编码,例如:
response =requests.get("http://www.baidu.com") #设置响应内容的编码方式为utf-8 response.encoding="utf-8" print(response.text)
requests.get(url=url, headers=headers, params=params)
对于带参数的URL,传入一个dict作为params
参数,如果值为None的键不会被添加到url中。
import requests #将参数写在字典里,通过params传入,params接受字典或序列 data = { "name": "hanson", "age": 24 } response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=data) #发出一个get请求,获得响应 print(response.url) #打印url print(response.text) #打印响应内容
结果为:
http://httpbin.org/get?name=hanson&age=24 { "args": { "age": "24", "name": "hanson" }, "headers": { "Accept": "*/*", "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", "Host": "httpbin.org", "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.22.0", "X-Amzn-Trace-Id": "Root=1-5e71bb9d-79cfc9e0195befa018426f20" }, "origin": "218.106.132.130", "url": "http://httpbin.org/get?name=hanson&age=24" }
requests的方便之处还在于,对于特定类型的响应,例如JSON,可以直接获取:
requests里的json方法就是封装了json.loads方法。
import requests import json # 发出一个get请求 response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get") # text响应类型 print(type(response.text)) # 直接解析响应json(成字典) print(response.json()) # 获取响应内容后json进行解析(成字典) print(json.loads(response.text)) # 直接解析后的相应内容类型 print(type(response.json()))
控制台打印结果:
<class 'str'> {'args': {}, 'headers': {'Accept': '*/*', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Connection': 'close', 'Host': 'httpbin.org', 'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.18.4'}, 'origin': '124.74.47.82', 'url': 'http://httpbin.org/get'} {'args': {}, 'headers': {'Accept': '*/*', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Connection': 'close', 'Host': 'httpbin.org', 'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.18.4'}, 'origin': '124.74.47.82', 'url': 'http://httpbin.org/get'} < class 'dict'>
需要传入HTTP Header时,我们传入一个dict作为headers
参数:
添加头信息访问:
import requests # 添加头部信息 headers = { "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_12_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/58.0.3029.110 Safari/537.36" } # 发送请求 response = requests.get("https://www.zhihu.com", headers=headers) # 打印响应 print(response.text)
equests对Cookie做了特殊处理,使得我们不必解析Cookie就可以轻松获取指定的Cookie:
要在请求中传入Cookie,只需准备一个dict传入cookies
参数:
header = {'user-agent': 'my-app/0.0.1''} cookie = {'key':'value'} #发送请求 response = requests.get/post('your url',headers=header,cookies=cookie) #打印cookie print(response.cookies) for key, value in response.cookies.items(): print(key + "=" + value)
requests.post(url=url, headers=headers, data=params)
要发送POST请求,只需要把get()
方法变成post()
,然后传入data
参数作为POST请求的数据:
import requests #参数写在字典里 data = { "name": "hason", "age": 23 } #请求时将字典参数赋给data参数 response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=data) #打印响应 print(response.text)
打印结果:
{ "args": {}, "data": "", "files": {}, "form": { "age": "23", "name": "zhaofan" }, "headers": { "Accept": "*/*", "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", "Content-Length": "19", "Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", "Host": "httpbin.org", "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.4" }, "json": null, "origin": "124.74.47.82, 124.74.47.82", "url": "https://httpbin.org/post" }
requests默认使用application/x-www-form-urlencoded
对POST数据编码。如果要传递JSON数据,可以直接传入json参数:
params = {'key': 'value'} r = requests.post(url, json=params) # 内部自动序列化为JSON
文件上传需要用到请求参数里的files参数:
在读取文件时,注意务必使用'rb'
即二进制模式读取,这样获取的bytes
长度才是文件的长度。
import requests # rb,以只读的方式打开二进制文件 files = {"files": open("a.jpg", "rb")} # 发送post请求携带文件 response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", files=files) # 响应内容 print(response.text)
响应结果:
{ "args": {}, "data": "", "files": { "files": "" }, "form": {}, "headers": { "Accept": "*/*", "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", "Content-Length": "145", "Content-Type": "multipart/form-data; boundary=75c9d62b8f1248a9b6a89741143836b5", "Host": "httpbin.org", "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.4" }, "json": null, "origin": "124.74.47.82, 124.74.47.82", "url": "https://httpbin.org/post" }
request更加方便的是,可以把字符串当作文件进行上传:
import requests url = 'http://127.0.0.1:8080/upload' files = {'file': ('test.txt', b'Hello Requests.')} #必需显式的设置文件名 r = requests.post(url, files=files) print(r.text)
会话对象requests.Session能够跨请求地保持某些参数,比如cookies,即在同一个Session实例发出的所有请求都保持同一个cookies,而requests模块每次会自动处理cookies,这样就很方便地处理登录时的cookies问题。
import requests headers = {'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate, compress', 'Accept-Language': 'en-us;q=0.5,en;q=0.3', 'Cache-Control': 'max-age=0', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:22.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/22.0'} #创建session对象 s = requests.Session() s.headers.update(headers)#使用session访问并设置number参数 s.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/123456") #session对象再次访问,获取响应内容 response = s.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies") print(response.text)
auth:认证,接受元祖
基本身份认证(HTTP Basic Auth)
import requests from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth r = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/hidden-basic-auth/user/passwd', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('user', 'passwd')) print(r.json())
简写:
response = requests.get("http://120.27.34.24:9001/",auth=("user","123"))
另一种非常流行的HTTP身份认证形式是摘要式身份认证,Requests对它的支持也是开箱即可用的:
requests.get(URL, auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass')
proxies = {'http':'ip1','https':'ip2' } requests.get('url',proxies=proxies)
如果代理需要用户名和密码,则需要这样:
proxies = { "http": "http://user:pass@10.10.1.10:3128/", }
现在的很多网站都是https的方式访问,所以这个时候就涉及到证书的问题
例如访问12306:
import requests response = requests.get("https:/www.12306.cn") print(response.status_code)
会报错,证书错误
解决:加上verify=false(默认是true)
import requests #from requests.packages import urllib3 #urllib3.disable_warnings() response = requests.get("https://www.12306.cn", verify=False) print(response.status_code)
timeout,单位:毫秒
r = requests.get('url',timeout=1) #设置秒数超时,仅对于连接有效
使用GET或OPTIONS时,Requests会自动处理位置重定向。
Github将所有的HTTP请求重定向到HTTPS。可以使用响应对象的 history 方法来追踪重定向。 我们来看看Github做了什么:
r = requests.get('http://github.com') >>> r.url 'https://github.com/' >>> r.status_code 200 >>> r.history []
Response.history 是一个:class:Request 对象的列表,为了完成请求而创建了这些对象。这个对象列表按照从最老到最近的请求进行排序。
如果你使用的是GET或OPTIONS,那么你可以通过 allow_redirects 参数禁用重定向处理:
r = requests.get('http://github.com', allow_redirects=False) >>> r.status_code 301 >>> r.history []
所有的异常都是在requests.excepitons中:
示例:
import requests from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout,ConnectionError,RequestException try: response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get",timout=0.1) print(response.status_code) except ReadTimeout: print("timeout") except ConnectionError: print("connection Error") except RequestException: print("error")
测试可以发现,首先被捕捉的异常是timeout超时异常,当把网络断掉就会捕捉到ConnectionError连接异常,如果前面异常都没有捕捉到,最后也可以通过RequestExctption捕捉到。
import urllib.parse import urllib.request url = "https://api.douban.com/v2/event/list" params = urllib.parse.urlencode({'loc':'108288','day_type':'weekend','type':'exhibition'}) print(">>>>>>request params is:") print(params) # 发送请求 response = urllib.request.urlopen('?'.join([url, params])) # 处理响应 print(">>>>>>Response Headers:") print(dict(response.info())) print(">>>>>>Status Code:") print(response.getcode()) print(">>>>>>Response body:") print(response.read().decode())
import requests url = "https://api.douban.com/v2/event/list" params = {'loc':'108288','day_type':'weekend','type':'exhibition'} print(">>>>>>request params is:") print(params) # 发送请求 response = requests.get(url=url,params=params) # 处理响应 print(">>>>>>Response Headers:") print(response.headers) print(">>>>>>Status Code:") print(response.status_code) print(">>>>>>Response body:") print(response.text)
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import requests # ############## 方式一 ############## """ # ## 1、首先登陆任何页面,获取cookie i1 = requests.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service") i1_cookies = i1.cookies.get_dict() # ## 2、用户登陆,携带上一次的cookie,后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权 i2 = requests.post( url="http://dig.chouti.com/login", data={ 'phone': "8615131255089", 'password': "xxooxxoo", 'oneMonth': "" }, cookies=i1_cookies ) # ## 3、点赞(只需要携带已经被授权的gpsd即可) gpsd = i1_cookies['gpsd'] i3 = requests.post( url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589523", cookies={'gpsd': gpsd} ) print(i3.text) """ # ############## 方式二 ############## """ import requests session = requests.Session() i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service") i2 = session.post( url="http://dig.chouti.com/login", data={ 'phone': "8615131255089", 'password': "xxooxxoo", 'oneMonth': "" } ) i3 = session.post( url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589523" ) print(i3.text) """
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import requests from bs4 import BeautifulSoup # ############## 方式一 ############## # # # 1. 访问登陆页面,获取 authenticity_token # i1 = requests.get('https://github.com/login') # soup1 = BeautifulSoup(i1.text, features='lxml') # tag = soup1.find(name='input', attrs={'name': 'authenticity_token'}) # authenticity_token = tag.get('value') # c1 = i1.cookies.get_dict() # i1.close() # # # 1. 携带authenticity_token和用户名密码等信息,发送用户验证 # form_data = { # "authenticity_token": authenticity_token, # "utf8": "", # "commit": "Sign in", # "login": "wupeiqi@live.com", # 'password': 'xxoo' # } # # i2 = requests.post('https://github.com/session', data=form_data, cookies=c1) # c2 = i2.cookies.get_dict() # c1.update(c2) # i3 = requests.get('https://github.com/settings/repositories', cookies=c1) # # soup3 = BeautifulSoup(i3.text, features='lxml') # list_group = soup3.find(name='div', class_='listgroup') # # from bs4.element import Tag # # for child in list_group.children: # if isinstance(child, Tag): # project_tag = child.find(name='a', class_='mr-1') # size_tag = child.find(name='small') # temp = "项目:%s(%s); 项目路径:%s" % (project_tag.get('href'), size_tag.string, project_tag.string, ) # print(temp) # ############## 方式二 ############## # session = requests.Session() # # 1. 访问登陆页面,获取 authenticity_token # i1 = session.get('https://github.com/login') # soup1 = BeautifulSoup(i1.text, features='lxml') # tag = soup1.find(name='input', attrs={'name': 'authenticity_token'}) # authenticity_token = tag.get('value') # c1 = i1.cookies.get_dict() # i1.close() # # # 1. 携带authenticity_token和用户名密码等信息,发送用户验证 # form_data = { # "authenticity_token": authenticity_token, # "utf8": "", # "commit": "Sign in", # "login": "wupeiqi@live.com", # 'password': 'xxoo' # } # # i2 = session.post('https://github.com/session', data=form_data) # c2 = i2.cookies.get_dict() # c1.update(c2) # i3 = session.get('https://github.com/settings/repositories') # # soup3 = BeautifulSoup(i3.text, features='lxml') # list_group = soup3.find(name='div', class_='listgroup') # # from bs4.element import Tag # # for child in list_group.children: # if isinstance(child, Tag): # project_tag = child.find(name='a', class_='mr-1') # size_tag = child.find(name='small') # temp = "项目:%s(%s); 项目路径:%s" % (project_tag.get('href'), size_tag.string, project_tag.string, ) # print(temp)
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import time import requests from bs4 import BeautifulSoup session = requests.Session() i1 = session.get( url='https://www.zhihu.com/#signin', headers={ 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36', } ) soup1 = BeautifulSoup(i1.text, 'lxml') xsrf_tag = soup1.find(name='input', attrs={'name': '_xsrf'}) xsrf = xsrf_tag.get('value') current_time = time.time() i2 = session.get( url='https://www.zhihu.com/captcha.gif', params={'r': current_time, 'type': 'login'}, headers={ 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36', }) with open('zhihu.gif', 'wb') as f: f.write(i2.content) captcha = input('请打开zhihu.gif文件,查看并输入验证码:') form_data = { "_xsrf": xsrf, 'password': 'xxooxxoo', "captcha": 'captcha', 'email': '424662508@qq.com' } i3 = session.post( url='https://www.zhihu.com/login/email', data=form_data, headers={ 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36', } ) i4 = session.get( url='https://www.zhihu.com/settings/profile', headers={ 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36', } ) soup4 = BeautifulSoup(i4.text, 'lxml') tag = soup4.find(id='rename-section') nick_name = tag.find('span',class_='name').string print(nick_name)
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import re import json import base64 import rsa import requests def js_encrypt(text): b64der = 'MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQCp0wHYbg/NOPO3nzMD3dndwS0MccuMeXCHgVlGOoYyFwLdS24Im2e7YyhB0wrUsyYf0/nhzCzBK8ZC9eCWqd0aHbdgOQT6CuFQBMjbyGYvlVYU2ZP7kG9Ft6YV6oc9ambuO7nPZh+bvXH0zDKfi02prknrScAKC0XhadTHT3Al0QIDAQAB' der = base64.standard_b64decode(b64der) pk = rsa.PublicKey.load_pkcs1_openssl_der(der) v1 = rsa.encrypt(bytes(text, 'utf8'), pk) value = base64.encodebytes(v1).replace(b'\n', b'') value = value.decode('utf8') return value session = requests.Session() i1 = session.get('https://passport.cnblogs.com/user/signin') rep = re.compile("'VerificationToken': '(.*)'") v = re.search(rep, i1.text) verification_token = v.group(1) form_data = { 'input1': js_encrypt('wptawy'), 'input2': js_encrypt('asdfasdf'), 'remember': False } i2 = session.post(url='https://passport.cnblogs.com/user/signin', data=json.dumps(form_data), headers={ 'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=UTF-8', 'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest', 'VerificationToken': verification_token} ) i3 = session.get(url='https://i.cnblogs.com/EditDiary.aspx') print(i3.text)
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import requests # 第一步:访问登陆页,拿到X_Anti_Forge_Token,X_Anti_Forge_Code # 1、请求url:https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.html # 2、请求方法:GET # 3、请求头: # User-agent r1 = requests.get('https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.html', headers={ 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.132 Safari/537.36', }, ) X_Anti_Forge_Token = re.findall("X_Anti_Forge_Token = '(.*?)'", r1.text, re.S)[0] X_Anti_Forge_Code = re.findall("X_Anti_Forge_Code = '(.*?)'", r1.text, re.S)[0] print(X_Anti_Forge_Token, X_Anti_Forge_Code) # print(r1.cookies.get_dict()) # 第二步:登陆 # 1、请求url:https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.json # 2、请求方法:POST # 3、请求头: # cookie # User-agent # Referer:https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.html # X-Anit-Forge-Code:53165984 # X-Anit-Forge-Token:3b6a2f62-80f0-428b-8efb-ef72fc100d78 # X-Requested-With:XMLHttpRequest # 4、请求体: # isValidate:true # username:15131252215 # password:ab18d270d7126ea65915c50288c22c0d # request_form_verifyCode:'' # submit:'' r2 = requests.post( 'https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.json', headers={ 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.132 Safari/537.36', 'Referer': 'https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.html', 'X-Anit-Forge-Code': X_Anti_Forge_Code, 'X-Anit-Forge-Token': X_Anti_Forge_Token, 'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest' }, data={ "isValidate": True, 'username': '15131255089', 'password': 'ab18d270d7126ea65915c50288c22c0d', 'request_form_verifyCode': '', 'submit': '' }, cookies=r1.cookies.get_dict() ) print(r2.text)
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