x = 6 y = 5 x, y = y, x print x >>> 5 print y >>> 6
print "Hello" if True else "World" >>> Hello
下面的最后一种方式在绑定两个不同类型的对象时显得很cool。
nfc = ["Packers", "49ers"] afc = ["Ravens", "Patriots"] print nfc + afc >>> ['Packers', '49ers', 'Ravens', 'Patriots'] print str(1) + " world" >>> 1 world print `1` + " world" >>> 1 world print 1, "world" >>> 1 world print nfc, 1 >>> ['Packers', '49ers'] 1
#除后向下取整 print 5.0//2 >>> 2 # 2的5次方 print 2**5 >> 32
print .3/.1 >>> 2.9999999999999996 print .3//.1 >>> 2.0
这是我见过诸多语言中很少有的如此棒的简便法
x = 2 if 3 > x > 1: print x >>> 2 if 1 < x > 0: print x >>> 2
nfc = ["Packers", "49ers"] afc = ["Ravens", "Patriots"] for teama, teamb in zip(nfc, afc): print teama + " vs. " + teamb >>> Packers vs. Ravens >>> 49ers vs. Patriots
teams = ["Packers", "49ers", "Ravens", "Patriots"] for index, team in enumerate(teams): print index, team >>> 0 Packers >>> 1 49ers >>> 2 Ravens >>> 3 Patriots
已知一个列表,我们可以刷选出偶数列表方法:
numbers = [1,2,3,4,5,6] even = [] for number in numbers: if number%2 == 0: even.append(number)
转变成如下:
numbers = [1,2,3,4,5,6] even = [number for number in numbers if number%2 == 0]
是不是很牛呢,哈哈。
和列表推导类似,字典可以做同样的工作:
teams = ["Packers", "49ers", "Ravens", "Patriots"] print {key: value for value, key in enumerate(teams)} >>> {'49ers': 1, 'Ravens': 2, 'Patriots': 3, 'Packers': 0}
items = [0]*3 print items >>> [0,0,0]
teams = ["Packers", "49ers", "Ravens", "Patriots"] print ", ".join(teams) >>> 'Packers, 49ers, Ravens, Patriots'
我承认try/except代码并不雅致,不过这里有一种简单方法,尝试在字典中查找key,如果没有找到对应的alue将用第二个参数设为其变量值。
data = {'user': 1, 'name': 'Max', 'three': 4} try: is_admin = data['admin'] except KeyError: is_admin = False data = {'user': 1, 'name': 'Max', 'three': 4} is_admin = data.get('admin', False)
有时,你只需要列表中的部分元素,这里是一些获取列表子集的方法。
x = [1,2,3,4,5,6] #前3个 print x[:3] >>> [1,2,3] #中间4个 print x[1:5] >>> [2,3,4,5] #最后3个 print x[-3:] >>> [4,5,6] #奇数项 print x[::2] >>> [1,3,5] #偶数项 print x[1::2] >>> [2,4,6]
除了python内置的数据类型外,在collection模块同样还包括一些特别的用例,在有些场合Counter非常实用。如果你参加过在这一年的Facebook HackerCup,你甚至也能找到他的实用之处。
from collections import Counter print Counter("hello") >>> Counter({'l': 2, 'h': 1, 'e': 1, 'o': 1})
和collections库一样,还有一个库叫itertools,对某些问题真能高效地解决。其中一个用例是查找所有组合,他能告诉你在一个组中元素的所有不能的组合方式
from itertools import combinations teams = ["Packers", "49ers", "Ravens", "Patriots"] for game in combinations(teams, 2): print game >>> ('Packers', '49ers') >>> ('Packers', 'Ravens') >>> ('Packers', 'Patriots') >>> ('49ers', 'Ravens') >>> ('49ers', 'Patriots') >>> ('Ravens', 'Patriots')
比起实用技术来说这是一个很有趣的事,在python中,True和False是全局变量,因此:
False = True if False: print "Hello" else: print "World" >>> Hello
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